♦Abraham Joshua Heschel 經典名言

Abraham Joshua Heschel(赫舍爾),是先知神學The prophets的作者。赫舍爾在這本先知書:論舊約中上帝的悲憫,是很有份量的名著。
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周學信老師的評點;

在赫舍爾的論述中,聖經所呈現的上帝,與人的生命緊密相連;神與人的關係是活潑的,不僅喚起感覺或消極的感情,更是有行動、有態度。這是一位參與在祂子民生命中,且有苦同擔的上帝。

赫舍爾不同意希臘哲學對於上帝的想法。然而希臘哲學卻大幅影響了新教徒怎麼看待上帝。希臘人眼中的上帝,是一位高高在上,且冷眼旁觀人類的神。許多基督徒同樣接受這樣的觀點。但赫舍爾認為,這種想法直接違背了聖經中上帝的形象。

希臘人認為,神的特點就是能超然於外、無動於衷;希臘人眼中的神,是不變且無情的;對他們來說,神的完美性就來自於此。所以,神能思考但沒有感情。赫舍爾則認為,舊約的先知書,深刻表達了上帝是怎樣一位上帝。聖經中的上帝,情感豐沛,而祂繫於祂子民的悲憫,正是先知書所要表達的主題。


悲憫是上帝的本質
「對先知而言,上帝所顯現的不是抽象的完全,而是有血有肉,跟這個世界密不可分。祂不是單單下達命令要人遵從;祂的心情也會因為這個世界發生的事情而受到影響,跟著高低起伏。世上的事件與人類的行為,都會讓祂有喜有悲、開心或者憤怒。神不是冷眼審判世界。祂的反應既親密,又帶著祂的意志與情感來看待所發生的事情。聖經很明顯的表示,人的行為會影響神,會讓祂情緒激動、憂傷或反過來,讓祂開心又欣慰。祂不只擁有智慧、意志,還滿懷情感。這些都是先知所認知的上帝。」(Abraham Heschel, The Prophets, 288-89.)

對先知而言,悲憫是上帝的本質。所以先知傳達出來的上帝,會生氣、會傷心,也充滿愛。他們描繪出一位與人心意相通,深入參與在祂子民生活事務之中的上帝。

而赫舍爾認為上帝對人充滿情感的悲憫是合理的,是主動的,是祂有意為之的。先知書的神學跟希臘形而上學最大的不同,在於先知書全力著墨於神對人的用心與關切,形而上學則是著重神祉的存在與演化。

「先知所論述的主軸,是上帝關心人類,而人也跟上帝關係密切。人之所以能認識神,是因為祂主動親近人。」(619頁)所以,上帝一直都是「有血有肉的神,面對有血有肉的人,在真實具體的情況下,表現出祂某一種情感。」(622頁)上帝關心人,而人也與祂關係密切。


有血有肉的神關心人
上帝跟聖經歷史中許多人物的互動,讓我們看到,那是一種活潑親密的關係,會呼叫對方,也會回應彼此。同時,因為上帝會在人們具體的遭遇中跟人產生關係,祂每次的回應也就不會一模一樣;人們的行動會影響上帝的行動。

這一點所代表的意義是,當人轉離神,或者當災難臨到以色列,上帝也會感到痛苦。歷史常常是人類苦痛的紀錄,而上帝也一定與人類的苦難感同身受。就像潘霍華牧師在納粹集中營中所下的結論:只有受苦的上帝才能幫助受苦的人。

若悲憫代表上帝的特質,那麼對神的回應也就會包含了「憐恤」。上帝深深體會到人的感受,也激發了先知切切的心腸。先知不只是為上帝發聲,也參與到神的心意中,並以同樣的悲憫來回應。先知對某個歷史情境的反應,其實就是反映上帝的心。

人能認識上帝,從來不是因為祂是個客觀的存在,而是透過祂在每一個當下,對人實實在在的回應而來。先知不僅聽見而且能體會上帝的心意,也因此深受感動。對何西阿與耶利米這兩位先知,所謂「認識上帝」應該說是「與上帝同悲同喜」。人類會用冷漠回應無情的神,而多情的上帝則激發人充滿情感的回應。

聽到先知陳述上帝的悲憫心腸,有些人會批評說這是把上帝人格化,把人的特質加在上帝身上。有些人會拒絕認同上帝充滿情感悲憫這件事,怕會落入把上帝當人看待。但先知們並沒有搞混,他們知道用擬人化的方式來表達上帝的感情,並不等於把上帝降格為人。

赫舍爾只是透過先知書來讓我們看到,上帝也像人一般,能思想、能感受。當神的悲憫結合絕對的無私,加上祂對窮乏人至高的關懷,上帝的神性,絕不等同於人性。神學範疇的悲憫論,是洞見到神對人的愛,而不是把人類的特質投射到神身上。

人不僅是上帝按著祂的形像所造;人還得到上帝永恆的關懷。人的所作所為,不只影響人自己的生命,也影響了上帝,進而牽動祂對受造者的反應。人竟會有如此大的影響力,這讓人的地位超越了一般的受造物。人在神的存在中是同伴、是合作夥伴,也是帶動結果的因子。至聖的這一位跟我們既不相同卻又相似。上帝在祂的子民中是至高的聖者,但同時祂又關懷人,人也跟祂關係至深。神性的悲憫或許可以比擬為在隔絕人與神的深淵上的一座橋樑。


審判的起因總是因為愛
聖經訴說了一位與人息息相關、用情至深的上帝,祂參與在祂子民發生的事件當中。而這也意味著,上帝當然關心並且置身於Covid-19大流行中。如果用了錯誤的眼光看待上帝會很危險,尤其當這麼具毀滅性的傳染病流行時,更應謹慎。

但這不表示基督徒必須迴避上帝審判的事實。如果我們把上帝的審判丟掉,我們也差不多等於要丟棄這位悲憫的神了。因為我們已經知道,上帝的審判並非濫施報復。審判的起因總是因為愛。

上帝的審判是為了更好的改變,就如同先知以賽亞所言:「主以公義的靈和焚燒的靈,將錫安女子的污穢洗去,又將耶路撒冷中殺人的血除淨。那時,剩在錫安、留在耶路撒冷的,就是一切住耶路撒冷、在生命冊上記名的,必稱為聖。」(以賽亞書四章3-4節)上帝的審判是恢復的前奏,帶來靈性的改變與提升。

面對關於上帝審判的疑問,我們必須小心以對,懷著恐懼與戰兢。我們務要留意自己如何解釋神?在哀傷新冠肺炎大流行的同時,也有太多事值得我們探索與深思。聖經中那位對人悲憫的上帝,讓我們不能直接用過度簡化的方式,將災病與神的懲罰及審判畫等號。審判不是直接的因果那麼簡單的。有些基督徒常不經大腦又缺乏憐憫心,就將神的審判與懲罰,變成可悲的自我安慰與法官之槌,這種缺乏完全的知識就宣稱上帝的審判的人,也會受到審判的。


“Self-respect is the root of discipline: The sense of dignity grows with the ability to say no to oneself.”

“Our goal should be to live life in radical amazement. ….get up in the morning and look at the world in a way that takes nothing for granted. Everything is phenomenal; everything is incredible; never treat life casually. To be spiritual is to be amazed.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“It is customary to blame secular science and anti-religious philosophy for the eclipse of religion in modern society. It would be more honest to blame religion for its own defeats. Religion declined not because it was refuted, but because it became irrelevant, dull, oppressive, insipid. When faith is completely replaced by creed, worship by discipline, love by habit; when the crisis of today is ignored because of the splendor of the past; when faith becomes an heirloom rather than a living fountain; when religion speaks only in the name of authority rather than with the voice of compassion–its message becomes meaningless.”

“People of our time are losing the power of celebration. Instead of celebrating we seek to be amused or entertained. Celebration is an active state, an act of expressing reverence or appreciation. To be entertained is a passive state–it is to receive pleasure afforded by an amusing act or a spectacle…. Celebration is a confrontation, giving attention to the transcendent meaning of one’s actions.
Source: The Wisdom of Heschel”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel


“Never once in my life did I ask God for success or wisdom or power or fame. I asked for wonder, and he gave it to me.”


“When I was young, I used to admire intelligent people; as I grow older, I admire kind people.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“Faith is not the clinging to a shrine but an endless pilgrimage of the heart.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“Wonder rather than doubt is the root of all knowledge.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“The primary purpose of prayer is not to make requests. The primary purpose is to praise, to sing, to chant. Because the essence of prayer is a song, and man cannot live without a song.

Prayer may not save us. But prayer may make us worthy of being saved.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel, Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity: Essays


“Just to be is a blessing. Just to live is holy.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“A test of a people is how it behaves toward the old. It is easy to love children. Even tyrants and dictators make a point of being fond of children. But the affection and care for the old, the incurable, the helpless are the true gold mines of a culture.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“…morally speaking, there is no limit to the concern one must feel for the suffering of human beings, that indifference to evil is worse than evil itself, that in a free society, some are guilty, but all are responsible.”
― Abraham Heschel

“A religious man is a person who holds God and man in one thought at one time, at all times, who suffers harm done to others, whose greatest passion is compassion, whose greatest strength is love and defiance of despair.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“The worship of reason is arrogance and betrays a lack of intelligence. The rejection of reason is cowardice and betrays a lack of faith.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“Remember that there is meaning beyond absurdity. Know that every deed counts, that every word is power…Above all, remember that you must build your life as if it were a work of art.
― Abraham Heschel

“The beginning of our happiness lies in the understanding that life without wonder is not worth living.
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“Prayer begins at the edge of emptiness.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“We can never sneer at the stars, mock the dawn, or scoff at the totality of being.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“The Search for reason ends at the known; on the immense expanse beyond it only the sense of the ineffable can glide. It alone knows the route to that which is remote from experience and understanding. Neither of them is amphibious: reason cannot go beyond the shore, and the sense of the ineffable is out of place where we measure, where we weigh. We do not leave the shore of the known in search of adventure or suspense or because of the failure of reason to answer our questions. We sail because our mind is like a fantastic seashell, and when applying our ear to its lips we hear a perpetual murmur from the waves beyond the shore. Citizens of two realms, we all must sustain a dual allegiance: we sense the ineffable in one realm, we name and exploit reality in another. Between the two we set up a system of references, but we can never fill the gap. They are as far and as close to each other as time and calendar, as violin and melody, as life and what lies beyond the last breath.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel, Man Is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion

“Prayer is our humble answer to the inconceivable surprise of living.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“The problem to be faced is: how to combine loyalty to one’s own tradition with reverence for different traditions.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“God is either of no importance, or of supreme importance.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“I have one talent, and that is the capacity to be tremendously surprised, surprised at life, at ideas. This is to me the supreme Hasidic imperative: Don’t be old. Don’t be stale.”
― Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel

“To gain control of the world of space is certainly one of our tasks. The danger begins when in gaining power in the realm of space we forfeit all aspirations in the realm of time. There is a realm of time where the goal is not to have but to be, not to own but to give, not to control but to share, not to subdue but to be in accord. Life goes wrong when the control of space, the acquisition of things of space, becomes our sole concern.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Sabbath

“I would say about individuals, A Individual dies when they cease to to be surprised. I am surprised every morning when I see the sunshine again. When I see an act of evil I don’t accomodate, I don’t accomodate myself to the violence that goes on everywhere. I am still so surprised! That is why I am against it. We must learn to be surprised.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“Prayer begins where our power ends.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“To be or not to be is not the question, the vital question is how to be and how not to be…”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“There are no two hours alike. Every hour is unique and the only one given at the moment, exclusive and endlessly precious. Judaism teaches us to be attached to holiness in time; to learn how to consecrate sanctuaries that emerge from the magnificent stream of a year.”
― Abraham Joshua Heschel

“to become aware of the ineffable is to part company with words…the tangent to the curve of human experience lies beyond the limits of language. the world of things we perceive is but a veil. It’s flutter is music, its ornament science, but what it conceals is inscrutable. It’s silence remains unbroken; no words can carry it away. Sometimes we wish the world could cry and tell us about that which made it pregnant with fear–filling grandeur.
Sometimes we wish our own heart would speak of that which made it heavy with wonder.”
― abraham Heschel